Since ancient times, the process of data processing have
been done by human beings. Humans have also found tools mechanics and
electronics to help humans in the calculation and processing of data in order
to obtain results faster. A computer that we find today is an evolution of the
length of discoveries of human sejah Swahili form of mechanical and electronic
tools.
The beginning of modern science (Computer Science) has begun
a long way since ancient times there. In ancient times, there were groups or
tribes who have a responsibility for any religious ceremony. The person
responsible is called Shaman (shaman). Shaman in power should be able to
calculate the day of the year and determine the time of the arrival of a
season. This tradition (shamanistic) gave birth to a primitive calculation
mechanism by making notes in the form of notches-notch on wooden sticks or
graffiti on the wall of the cave. Slowly the shaman is able to develop and
build the structure of the stone buildings as found at Stonehenge (North
Salisbury, England). Stonehenge is believed to be an ancient form of the
calendar was designed to "capture" light when the Sun turned
direction in summer.
The development of the count-counting progressed to stages
of the Abacus (abacus, swipoa) (primitive calculators). The traders in that
period using the abacus to calculate trade transactions. Along with the
emergence of pencil and paper, especially in Europe, abacus lost popularity. A
tool to calculate the oldest known since 460 BC, China still often use this
tool up to now, in indonesia even abacus awarded for children who are learning
to count. Abacus is human's first attempt at a practical way of calculation
process. This tool is not a machine that can function automatically, in order
to calculate the users recall status calculation that time while performing
complex calculations. The value of each position on the seed, seed from the
first row has the value of the second row unit, worth tens and continued
corresponding rows that exist. Abacus is a reminder on the tool so that the
user is able to calculate in the inner. After thousands of years after the
abacus spread to mainland China, no progress to automate calculations and
mathematical calculations.
In short one-century BC Antikythera mechanism ditemuan tool
used to record and predict the movement of the stars and planets (calendar).
This tool is found in Greece in 1901. The Arabic numeral system was introduced
to Europe in the 7th century and 9 AD, while the Roman numeral tetapdigunakan
there until the 17th century. Arabic numerals is introducing to the world the
concept of "zero" and define the concept of tens, hundreds,
thousands, etc. so as to simplify mathematical calculations.
In the past, the mathematician often working on the same
questions. They do it in order to obtain assurance that the answers to the
problems it actually is. It could take weeks to months of work using the hands
manually
to check the truth of a theorem. Most of the tables of
integrals, logarithmic and trigonometric values obtained in this way.
One of the earliest discovery of computer technology is a
machine-made a researcher from Germany named Wilhelm Schikard (1623)
(University of Tubingen, Germany) is the first mechanical calculator works with
6 digits using the gear wheels to perform operations of addition,
multiplication and Division. The results of the design of the machine he has
sent to the iconic astronomer Keppler at the time. Unfortunately, the
production was stopped until the prototype only.
In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who at the time was 18
years old, found what he described as a numerical wheel Calculator (numerical
wheel calculator) to help his father perform tax calculations.
Brass square box is called the Pascaline, using eight wheels
swivel serrated to add up the numbers to eight digits. This tool is a great
tool-based number ten counters. The weakness of this tool is just terbataas to
do the sums. The year 1694, a mathematician and philosopher of Germany,
Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) fix Pascaline by creating a machine
that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by
using the wheels out. However, the disadvantage is the wheel teeth are often
mutually colliding and semikin that makes it special is the only Pascal can fix
it!
Ancillary Articles: Type Of Type Of Computer
Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) also found a binary
numeral consisting of two digits namely 0 and 1. The year 1671 he designed the
machine counters called pinion machine can work for the four mechanical calculations
of trigonometric calculus.
By studying notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can
fine-tune his instrument. It was only in the year 1820, mechanical calculators
became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find machines that can perform
four basic aritmatik function. Mechanical calculator Colmar, arithometer,
presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can do
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and Division. With his ability,
arithometer much used until World War i. Together with Pascal and Leibniz,
Colmar help build mechanical computing era.
Furthermore in the year 1822, Charles Babbage created a
prototype of a machine called the differentiating 1822 machine and with the
help of the British Government planned the formation of the machinery in the
year 1823. The feature of this machine is a large, working with steam power,
full auto, print tables of astronomy and controlled with a program of
instruction. Unfortunately again, this machine does not successfully created as
a whole in the year 1833.
Charles Babbage analytical engines also make which is a
parallel decimal counter can operate in 50 decimal and able to store 1000
decimal number. This analytical machine operation control memilikisejumlah a
conditional instruction that allows for the engine can be run in special orders
and not in the numerical commands. Conditional system babbage has aras
statement (input, kondidional and Cedar point output (output). Augusta Ada
Byron, countess of Lovelace, Babbage met the year 1833. He describes the
analytical Engine as weaving/braid "algebraic patterns like the Jacquard
Loom weaves flowers and leaves on a cloth". Analysis of the
dipublikasikannya is the best record of the history of ancient programming. He
describes the basics of computer programming including data analysis, looping,
and the addressing of memory!
The current computer and its supporting tool has been
included in every aspect of life and work. Computers now have the capability of
more than just mathematical calculations. Among them are computer system in a
supermarket kassa was able to read the grocery goods code, telephone central
handle millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the internet
that connects the various parts of the world.
Article: Supporting the notion, function, and range of
computer network
After the discovery of Babbage, Herman Hollerith of the
United States Bureau of statistics has used hollerith tabulator mensin with
success on tahum 1890. The device is practically read the information sesnsus
in the form of holes in the card. Amazingly she finds this idea of paying
attention to the conductor rail hollow karcisnya. The result of the discovery
of this hole card, system error reading data dropped dramatically, the flow of
work semakain rapidly. The more important the longer ya, unlimited storage.
However, this machine still has limitations:
Can only be as tabulated
The card with the hole could not be used for the calculation
of complex lenih.
In 1938, Konrad Zuse (Germany) built a number of calculation
engines, introduced the counters which can be programmed for the first time.
Designed to solve the equations of complex engineering, called the Z1. The
control of this machine using the strip-a strip of perforated film former,
data-based information systems with binary. the first machines using the binary
system, while at the time most engines use a decimal system. In 1939 overtaken
by Z2 systems are already using electromechanical relays 2600 fruit form.
Following the electromechanical Z3, machine, and used to help tally during
World War II. Able to do the calculation with the four functions of the
operation plus the calculation of root.
The end of the 1930s the hole-card machine techniques have
been well established and trusted.
Howard Aiken (Harvard University) in collaboration with
engineers at IBM makes large-capacity digital automatic computer-based on
electromechanical components of the IBM standard. Machine Aiken, called the
Harvard Mark I-advantage-that is, able to handle numerous numbers 23 decimal,
can display four operations: sum, aritmatik less, for, the times has a special
program that is built-in or subroutines for handling trigonometric and
logarithmic functions, perforated paper tape controlled from without provision
for (reversal) so the reversal instructions "transfer of control" can
not be added and eluarannya form the card pits and electric typewriter.
Although Mark-I use rotating counter wheels from IBM as a
key component in addition to an electromechanical relay-relay, this machine is
still classified as a "relay computer". Karaktristik:
Slow work: requires 3-5 seconds to calculate the
multiplication. (But quicker than a machine Z3).
Can work full automatic.
Can complete the calculations of length without human
intervention.
Able to perform the calculation of the 4 functions of
aritmatik, logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric calculus.
Capacity 23 digits and speed the process of addition of 0.03
seconds.
Original United Kingdom mathematician Alan Turing wrote a
paper "On Computable Numbers" (1936), which describes a hypothetical
the. The machine was called the "Turing machine": the initial idea to
the computer that can be programmed. And is designed to display the operations
of logic and can read, write, or delete symbols written on paper tape length
unlimited.
After lengthy talks about the initial idea scientists until
it reaches a computer, Let's refer to the computers that have been developed
from generation to generation. Here's a little explanation
A. the first Generation Computers (1945-1955)
THE FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The first generation was the beginning of the development of
electronic computing systems as a replacement for mechanical computing systems.
This is because the human speed to calculate the limited human and very easy to
make mistakes that are fatal.
In 1941 Konrad Zuse Germany, an engineer building a
computer, the Z3, to design aircraft and missiles in the wake of the second
world war. The Allies also made other progress in the development of the power
of the computer. In 1943, the United Kingdom completed a secret code-breaking
computer called Colossus to decode secrets used Germany. This increases funding
for the development of computers as well as speeding up the progress of
computer engineering.
The development of another computer at present is the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), made by a joint venture
between United States Government and the University of Pennsylvania. The
computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John w. Mauchly
(1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work
1000 times faster than Mark i. in the mid 1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957)
joined the team of the University of Pennsylvania in usha establish the concept
of chic design computers up to 40 next year is still used in computer
engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both the program or data.
Both United States Census Agency and General Electric have a
UNIVAC. One of the impressive result achieved by UNIVAC was his success in
predicting victory Dwilight d. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
The first generation of computer dikarakteristik with the
fact that operating instructions are created specifically for a specific task.
Each computer has a different binary code-called "machine language"
(machine language). This causes the computer difficult to programmed and limit
his speed. Another feature of the first generation of computers is the use of
vacuum tube (which makes the computer at the time of the very large-sized) dn
magnetic cylinder for data storage.
B. Computer second generation (1955-1965)
THE SECOND GENERATION OF THE COMPUTER
In this generation, computer systems are not yet equipped
operating system, but some part of the information systems already exist e.g. a
function of operating system FMS (Fortran Monitoring System). In 1948, the
invention of transistors greatly influenced the development of the computer.
Transistors replace vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a
result, the size of electrical machinery decreased drastically.
The transistors used in computers started in 1956. Other
discoveries in the form of magnetic core memory development-computer help the
development of the second generation of smaller, faster, more reliable, and
more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first engine that makes use of
this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM supercomputer named Stretch, making
and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. In the early 1960s, began popping
up a successful second generation computers in business, at the University, and
in the Government. The second generation of computers this is a computer that
fully use the transistor and also have components that can be associated with
the computer at this point: a printer, disk storage, memory, operating system,
and programs.
Programs stored in the computer and programming languages is
in it gives the flexibility to the computer. This flexibility improves
performance at a reasonable price for business use. The software industry also
began to appear and grow during this second generation computers.
C. third-generation Computers (1965-1980)
THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS
Because of the weakness of a rapid transistor heat, Jack
Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developing integrated circuit (IC:
integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combines three electronic components in a tiny
silicon disc made of quartz sand. On the scientist then managed to include more
components into a single chip called a semiconductor. As a result, computers
are becoming increasingly smaller due to components can be compacted in chips.
Other third generation computer advancement is the use of the operating system
(operating system) which allows the engine to run a variety of different
programs simultaneously with a major program to monitor and coordinate computer
memory. Or one might say multiuser operating system (many users at once) and
multi programming (many programs at once.
D. fourth-generation Computer (1980)
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS
After IC, development goals become clearer: shrink the size
of the circuit and electric komponenkomponen. Large Scale Integration (LSI) can
load hundreds of components in a chip. In the 1980s, the Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip.
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase that number
into millions. The ability to put up such a lot of components in a chip that
berukurang half pieces of metal pushing fall in the price and the size of the
computer. It also increases the power of work, efficiency and keterandalan the
computer. In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in
the home, Office, and school. The number of PCS used jumped from 2 million
units in 1981 became the 5.5 million units in the year 1982. Ten years later,
65 million PCS in use. The computer continue its evolution towards smaller
sizes, from a computer that is on the table (desktop computer) to a computer
that can be inserted into bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be gripped
(palmtop).
The IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh computer market
is contested. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical
system on his computer, while its rivals are still using text-based computer.
Macintosh also popularized the use of the mouse device.
E. fifth generation Computers (2001-present)
THE FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
The fifth generation computer explain to be quite difficult
because this stage is on the way. Examples of imaginative computer fifth-generation
is a fictional computer HAL9000 from the novel by Arthur c. Clarke titled 2001:
Space Odyssey. IT displays all functions desired of a fifth-generation
computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), IT can simply
have a reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual input, and learned
from his own experience.
While it may be the realization of the HAL9000 is far from
the reality, many functions which have already been realized. Some computers
can accept instructions verbally and was able to mimic the human reason.
Ability to translate foreign languages also become possible. It seems simple.
But such facilities are becoming much more complicated than expected when
programmers realise that pengertia humans rely heavily on context and understanding
rather than simply translating the words directly.
A lot of progress in the field of computer design and
technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computer.
Two engineering advances which mainly is parallel processing capabilities,
which will replace the model of non Neumann. Models non Neumann will be
replaced with a system that is capable of coordinating a lot of the CPU to work
simultaneously. Another advancement is a superconductor technology allows
electric flow without any inhibitions of any kind, who can accelerate the speed
of information.
